[3] См, например:
Ember C.R. Myths About Hunter–gatherers // Ethnology. 1978. Vol.
17. P. 439–448; Dennen J. M. G., van der. The Origin of War:
the Evolution of a Male Coalitional Reproductive Strategy. Groningen: Origin Press,
1995. 2 vols. P. 620–621, 643–645, 661–662; Otterbein K.F. An Eye
for an Eye, a Tooth for a Tooth: A Cross-Cultural Study of Feuding // American
Anthropologist. 1965. Vol.67. P. 1470–1482; Idem Internal War: A Cross-Cultural
Study // Ibid. 1968. Vol. 70. P. 277–289; Idem. The Evolution
of War: A Cross-Cultural Study. New Haven: HRAF Press, 1970.
[8] Ciochon R.L.
Hominid Cladistics and the Ancestry of Modern Apes and Humans // New
Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry / Eds. R.L. Ciochon, R.S. Corruccini.
New York: Plenum Press, 1983. P. 781-843;
Фогель Ф., Мотульски А. Генетика человека. Пер. с англ. Т. 3. М.: Мир,
1990. C. 7–18; Блан М. Генетическая эволюция человека // Генетика
и наследственность. Пер. с франц. / Ред. С.Г. Васецкий. М.: Мир, 1987. С. 116-137.
[16] Cashdan E.
Territoriality Among Human Foragers: Ecological Models and an Application to Four
Bushman Groups // Current Anthropology. 1983. Vol. 24. P. 47–66.
[18] Ibid. C. 73–75,
95–96; Smith E.A. Risk and Uncertainity in the "Original Affluent"
Society: Evolutionary Ecology of Resource–sharing and Land Tenure // Hunters
and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution and Change in Hunting and Gathering Societies
/ Eds. T. Ingold, D. Riches, J. Woodburn. Oxford: Berg, 1987.
P. 222–251.
[19] Hamilton W.J. et
al. Defence of Space and Resources by Chacma (Papio
Ursinus) Baboon Troops in an African Desert and Swamp // Ecology.
1976. Vol. 57 P. 1264–1272.
[28] Petersson N.
Territorial Adaptations Among Desert Hunter–Gatherers: The !Kung and Australians
Compared // Social and Ecological Systems / Ed. P.C. Burnam.
London et al.: Academic Press, 1979; Heinz H.J. Territoriality Among
the Bushmen in General and the !Ko in Particular // Anthropos. 1972.
Vol. 67. P. 405–416; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders…; Guenter M.
The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske
Verlag, 1986.
[29] Steyn H.P.
Southern Kalahari San Subsistence Ecology: a Reconstruction // The South
African Archaeological Bulletin 1988. Vol. 39. P. 117–124.
[31] Marshall L.
Marriage Among !Kung Bushmen // Africa. 1959. Vol. 29. P. 335–365;
Idem. !Kung Bushman Bands // Africa. 1960. Vol. 30. P. 325– 355;
Idem. Sharing, Talking and Giving: Relief of Social Tensions among !Kung
Bushmen // Africa 1961. Vol. 31. P 231–249; Idem. The !Kung
of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976;
Marshall J. Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen // Peoples ans
Cultures in Africa / Ed. E.P. Skinner. New York: Doubleday –
Natural History Press, 1973. P. 106–121; Marshall-Thomas E.M.
The Harmless People. London, 1959 (2nd
ed.).
[33]
Lee R.B. The !Kung Bushmen of Botswana; Idem. !Kung Spatial Organization:
An Ecological and Historical Perspectiuve // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers:
Studies of the !Kung and Their Neighbors / Eds. R.B. Lee, I DeVore.
Cambridge (Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 73–97;
Idem. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1979; Idem. The Dobe !Kung. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1984; Howell N. Demography of the Dobe !Kung.
New York: Academic Press, 1979; Katz R. Boiling Energy. Cambridge (Mass.):
Harvard University Press, 1982.
[34] Lebzelter V.
Bei den !Kung Buschleute am oberen Omuramba und Ovambo (Südwestafrica) // Mitteilungen
Anthropologischen Gesellschaft. 1928–1929. Bd. 59. S. 12–16; Idem.
Eingeborenenkulturen in Sudwest und Sudafrika. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann, 1934;
Wilhelm J.H. Die Kung Buschleute // Jahrbuch des Museums fur
Volkerkunde. 1953. Bd. 12. S. 91–189; Kaufmann H. (1910). Die Auin.
Ein Beitrag zur Buschmannforschung // Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen
Schutzgebieten 23: 135–160; Passarge S. Die Buschmanner der Kalahari // Mitteilungen
aus den Deutchen Schutzgebieten. 1905. Bd. 18. S. 198–200.
[36] Вleek D.F.
The Naron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928; Guenther M. The
Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Social Change. Hamburg: Helmut Buske
Verlag, 1986; Barnard A. Hunters and Herders…
[37] Silberbauer G.B.
1972. The G/wi Bushmen // Hunters and Gatherers Today / Ed.
M.G. Bicchieri. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. P. 217–352;
Idem. Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge
etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Tanaka J. Subsistence ecology of
Central Kalahari San // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung
and Their Neighbors / Eds. R.B. Lee, I. DeVore Cambridge
(Mass.) – London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 98–119; Idem.
The San, Hunter–gatherers of the Kalahari. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press, 1980;
Idem. The Ecology and Social structure of Central Kalahari Bushmen // Kyoto
University African Studies. 1981. Vol. 3.
[38] Heinz H.J. Territoriality
Among the Bushmen in General and the !Ko in Particular // Anthropos.
1972. Bd. 67. S. 405–416; Idem. Acculturative Problems Arising in
a Bushman Development Scheme // The South African Journal of Science.
1974. 1974.Vol. 71. P. 78–85; Heinz H.J., Lee M. Namkwa: Life among
the Bushmen. London: Jonathan Cape, 1978; Eibl-Eibesfeld I.
Die !Ko–Buschmann Gesellschaft. Monogr. zur Humanethologie. Bd. 1. Munchen: Piper,
1972; Idem. Aggression in the !Ko Bushmen // War: It’s Causes
and Correlates / Eds. M.A Nettleship, R.D. Givens, A. Nettlesip.
The Hague – Paris: Mouton, 1975. P. 281–296; Cashdan E. Territoriality
Among Human Foragers: Ecological Models and an Application to Four Bushman Groups // Current
Anthropology. 1983. Vol. 24. P. 47–66.
[39] Barnard A.
Hunters and Herders…; Lewis–Williams J.D. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic
Meaning in Southern San Rock Art. London: Academic Press, 1981; Schapera I.
The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1930.
[40] Bixler D., Biesele M.,
Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions and Grassroot Development Among the
Ju/’Hoansi of Northeastern Namibia // International Work Group for Indigenous
Affairs. Newsletter. 1993. № 2. P. 23–29; Kanjii K.
Interface Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality, 2000. /http:
www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan.
[41] В частности, см.: Mallick
D.I.G. et
al. A Geological Interpretation of Landsat Imagery
and Air Photography of Botswana // Institute of Geological Sciences.
Natural Environment Research Council. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources,
1981. Vol. 6.
[43] Mountford C.P.
Brown Men and Red Sand. Melbourne: Robertson and Mullens, 1950; Idem. Ayers
Rock: Its People, Their Beliefs and Their Art. Sydney et al.: Angus and Robertson,
1965; Tindale N. Totemic Beliefs in the Western Desert of Australia. Records
of the South Australian Museum, 1959. Vol. 13. P. 305–332; Idem.
Pitjantjatjara // Hunters and Gatherers Today / Ed. M.G. Bicchieri.
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. P. 98–134; Gould R.A.
Yiwara: Foragers of the Australian Desert. New York: Scribner, 1969; Gould R.A.
Puntutjarpa Rock Shelter in the Australian Desert Culture // The American
Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers. New York, 1977.Vol. 54 Pt 1;
Berndt R.M. A Preliminary Report of Field Work in the Ooldea Region, Western
South Australia // Oceania. 1943. Vol. 14. P. 30–66; Berndt
R.M. The Concept of the Tribe in the Western Desert of Australia // Oceania
1962. Vol. 30 P. 81–107; Strehlow T.G.H. Culture, Social
Structure and Environment in Aboriginal Central Australia // Aboriginal
Man in Australia / Eds. R.M. Berndt, C.H. Berndt. Sydney:
Angus and Robertson, 1965. P. 121–145;
Strehlow T.G.H.
Songs of Central Australia. Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1971; Hilliard W.M.
The People in between: The Pitjantjatjara People of Ernabella. London: Hodder
and Soughton, 1968; Yengoyan A.A. Demographic Factors in Pitjandjara Social
Organization // Australian Aboriginal Anthropology / Eds.
R.M. Berndt, C.H. Berndt. Nedlands: University of Western Australia
Press, 1970. P. 79–91; Layton R. Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers
Rock. Canberra: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, 1986.
[47] Steward J.H.
Basin–plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups // Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, 1938. Bull. 120; Harris J.S.
The White Knives Shoshoni of Nevada // Acculturation in Seven American
Indian Tribes / Ed. R. Linton. Glouchester (Mass.), 1963.
P. 39–116, (repr. of: “New York, 1940”).
[49] Kelly C.
Jedediah Smith on the Salt Desert Trail // Utah Historical Quaterly.
1930. Vol.3. №. 1. P. 23–27, №. 2. P. 35–52;
Ogden P.S. Peter Skene Ogden’s Snake Country Journals, 1827–29. London:
The Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1971; Bryant E. What I Saw in
California. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1967; Delano A. Across the
Plains and Among the Diggins. New York: Wilson and Erickson, 1936; Schiel J.
Journey through the Rocky Mountains and the Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific
Ocean. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1959.
[50] Jennings J.D.
The Desert West // Prehistoric Man in the New World / Eds.
J.D. Jennings, E. Norbeck. Chicago – London: University
of Chicago Press, 1971. P. 148–170; Strong E. Stone Age in the Great
Basin. Portland et al.: Binfords and Mort, 1969; Aikens C.M. The Far West // Ancient
Native Americans / Ed. J.D Jennings. San Francisco: W.H.
Freeman, 1978. P. 60–89; Aikens C.M., Witherspoon Y.T. Great Basin
Numic Prehistory // Anthropology of the Desert West / Eds.
S.J Condie, D.D. Fowler. University of Utah Anthropological Papers.
Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986. Vol. 110. P. 9–20; Cressman
L.S. Prehistory of the Far West. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press,
1977; Simms S.R. Great Basin Environments, Present and Past // BAR.
1987. Vol. 381; Madsen D.B. Get It When the Gettin’s Good: A Variable
Model of Great Basin Subsistance and Settlement Based on Data from the Eastern
Great Basin // Man and Environment in the Great Basin / Eds.
D.B. Madsen, F. O’Connell. Society For American Archaeology.
Paper 2. P. 207–226; Madsen D.B. Recent Data on the Question of a
Hiatus in the Eastern Great Basin // American Antiquity. 1994. Vol.
43. P. 508–509. Madsen D.B., Rhode D. (Eds.). Human Population Movement
and the Expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994;
Kelly R.L. Late Holocene Great Basin Prehistory // Journal
of World Prehistory. 1997. Vol. 11. P. 1–50 и др.
[52] Bixler D., Biesele M.,
Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions and Grassroot Development Among the
Ju/’Hoansi of Northeastern Namibia // International Work Group for Indigenous
Affairs. Newsletter. 1993. № 2. P. 25; Kanjii K.
Interface Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality, 2000. /http:
www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan.
[57] Cм.: Бабаев
и др.,Указ. соч. С. 178–179; Соколов В.Е. Фауна мира. Млекопитающие.
Справочник. М.: Агропромиздат, 1990. С. 159, 163–165; Marshall L
The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 124–130; Thackeray J.F. Climatic Change
and Mammalian Fauna from Holocene Deposits in Wonderwerk Cave // Late Cainozoic
Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere / Ed. J.C. Vogel (Ed.).
Rotterdam – Boston: Balkema, 1984. P. 373; Yellen J.E., Lee R.B.
The Dobe – /Du /da Environment: Background to a Hunting and Gathering Way
of Life // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung and Their
Neighbors / Eds. Lee R.B., DeVore I. Cambridge (Mass.) –
London: Harvard University Press, 1976. P. 40–41; Owens M., Owens D.
Cry of the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. P. 132, 214–215;
Mitchell P.J. The Late Quaternary Landscape at Shehonghong in the Lesotho
Highlands, Southern Africa // Antiquity. 1996. Vol. 70. P. 628.
[59] Silberbauer G.B.
Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge
University Press, 1981. P 12; Tanaka J. Subsistence ecology of
Central Kalahari San // Kalahari Hunter–Gatherers… P. 110.
[62] Leser H.
Landschaftokologische Studien im Kalahari Sandgebiet um Auob und Nossob. (Erdwissenschaftliche
Forschung. Akademie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur. Bd 3). Wiesbaden, 1971.
[63] Logan R.F.,
Causes, Climates and Distribution of Deserts // Desert Biology / Ed.
G.W. Brown New York – London: Academic Press, 1968. Vol 1. P. 21–50.
[66] Brooks A.S.
1984 San Land–Use Patterns, Past and Present: Implications
for Southern African Prehistory // Frontiers: South African Archaeology
Today / Eds. M.J. Hall, G. Avery, D.M. Avery,
M.L. Wilson, A Humphreys. BAR. Vol. 207. P. 40–52. См. также: Brooks A.S., Yellen J.E.
The Preservation of Activity Areas in the Archaeological Record: Ethnoarchaeological
and Archaeological Work in Northwest Ngamiland, Botswana // Method and
Theory for Antiquity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach / Ed.
K. Susan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. P. 47; Robbins L.H.,
Murphy M.L., Stevens N.J. et al. Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology
of Drotsky’s Cave, Western Kalahari Desert, Botswana // Journal of Archaeological
Science. 1996. Vol. 23: 8–11; Robbins L.H., Murphy M.L., Stewart .K.M.,
Campbell A.C., Brook G.A. Barbed Bone Points, Paleoenvironment,
and the Antiquity of Fish Exploitation in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana // Journal
of Field Archaeology. 1994. Vol. 21. P. 257–264.
[68] Tobias P.V.
Introduction // Symposium on Bushmen of the Kalahari / South
African Journal of Science. 1974. Vol. 56. P. 254–260; Deacon H.J.
Where Hunters Gathered: A Study of Holocene Stone Age People in the Eastern Cape.
Claremont: South African Archaeological Society Monograph Series 1, 1976.
[70] Deacon H.J.
Where Hunters Gathered…; Idem. Deacon H.J. Planting an Idea: An
Archaeology of Stone Age Gatherers in South Africa // South African
Archaeological Bulletin. 1993. Vol. 48. P. 86–93; Deacon J. Changing
Patterns… P. 106–107; Deacon J. (1988). The Scale and Timing of the
Environmental Changes over the Last 20,000 Years in the Southern Cape, South Africa // Prehistoric
Cultures and Environments in the Late Quaternary of Africa / Eds. J. Bower ,
D Lubell. BAR. 1988. Vol. 405. P. 145–160; Deacon J., Lancaster
N., Scott D. (1984). Evidence for Late Quaternary Climatic Change in Southern
Africa // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere / Ed.
J.C. Vogel. Rotterdam – Boston: Balkema. P. 391–404; Parkington
J., Hall M. Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa // BAR.
1987. Vol. 332; Mitchell P.J. The Early Microlithic Assemblages of Southern
Africa // BAR. 1988. Vol. 388. P. 13–16; Idem. Human Adaptations
in South Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum // Prehistoric Cultures
and Environments… P. 163–169; Deacon H.J., Thackeray J.F. Late
Pleistocene Environmental Changes and Implications for the Archaeological Record
in Southern Africa // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates… P. 377–378;
Opperman H. The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg Range and Its Foothills // BAR
1987. Vol. 339. P. 14–15.
[72] Inskeep R.R.
Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol. 351;
Wadley L. Late Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers of the Southern Transvaal:
Social and Ecological Interpretation // BAR. 1987. Vol. 380; Manhire A.
Later Stone Age Settlement Patterns in the Sandveld of the South–Western Cape
Province, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol. 351; Smith A.B.
Seasonal Explotation of Resources on the Vrendenburg Peninsula After 2000 B.P. // Papers
in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa / Eds. J. Parkington,
M. Hall. (BAR. 1987. Vol. 332. Pt. 1). P. 393–402.
[74] Brothwell D.R.
Evidence of Early Population Change in Central and Southern Africa: Doubts and
Problems // Man. 1963. Vol. 132. P. 101–104; Tobias P.V.
Introduction // Symposium on Bushmen of the Kalahari / South
African Journal of Science. 1974. Vol. 56. P. 254–260.
[76] См. например:
Inskeep R.R. Op. cit.; Opperman H. Op. cit.; Deacon J.
My Place is Bitterpits: The Home Territory of Bleek and Lloyds’s /Xam Bushmen // African
Studies. 1986. Vol. 45 P. 135–156; Deacon H.J. Planting an Idea…;
Mitchell P.J. The Archaeology of the Phuthiatsana- Ea- Thaba Bisu Basin,
Lesotho, Southern Africa: Changes in Later Stone Age Regional Demography // Atniquity.
1994. Vol. 68. P. 83–96; Mitchell P.J. Holocene Stone Age Hunter–Gatherers
South of the Limpopo River, Ca. 10, 000 – 2000 B.P. // Journal
of World Prehistory. 1997. Vol. 11. P. 359–424; Ouzman S., Wadley L.
A History in Paint and Stone from Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa // Antiquity.
1997. Vol. 71. P. 386–404; Lewis–Williams J.D. Agency, Art and
Altered Consciousness: A Motif in French (Quercy) Upper Palaeolithic Parietal
Art // Antiquity. 1997. Vol. 71. P. 810–830.
[77] См.: Sadr K.
Kalahari archaeology and Bushman debate // Current Anthropology. 1997.
Vol. 38: 104–12; Wilmsen E.N. Land Filled with Flies: A Political
Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press,
1989.
[90] Dyson-Hudson R.,
Smith E.A. Human territoriality: An Ecological Reassessment // American
Anthropologist. 1978. Vol. 80. P. 28–30.
[92] Marshall J.
Hunting Among the Kalahari Bushmen // Peoples and Cultures in Africa / Ed.
E.P. Skinner. New York: Doubleday – Natural History Press, 1973. P. 106–121.
[98] Сравн.: Silberbauer
G.B. Hunter and the Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge etc.:
Cambridge University Press, 1981. P 28–34; Barnard A. Hunters
and Herders of Southern Africa: a Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples.
Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. 108–109.
[99] Marshall L The
!Kung of Nyae Nyae. P. 288; см. также:
Thomas E.M. (1994). Management of Violence among the Ju/wasi of Nyae Nyae // Studying
War: Anthropological Perspectives / Eds. S.P. Reyna, R.E. Downs.
Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. P. 69–84.
[104] Lee R.B.
The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1979. P. 389–396.
[116] Picaut J. et al.
Mechanism of the Zonal Displacement of the Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for
ENSO // Science. 1996. Vol. 274. P. 486–1489; Jin F.F.
Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction: The Pacific Cold Tongue and El Nino–Southern
Oscillation // Science. 1996. Vol. 274 P. 76–78; Mathhew B.
et al. Horse Sickness and ENSO in South Africa // Nature. 1999.
Vol. 397 P. 574.
[119] Eibl-Eibesfeldt
I. The Biology of Peace and War. London: Thames and
Hudson, 1979. P. 160–161; Kaufmann H. Die Auin. Ein Beitrag zur Buschmannforschung
// Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten. 1910. Bd. 23. S. 154.
[127] Andersson, C.
Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discoveries During Four Years’ Wanderings in the
Wilds of South West Africa. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1856. P. 333, 361,
488; Vedder H. South West Africa in Early Times. Oxford – London:
Oxford University Press, 1938. P. 302.
[129] Russell M., Russell
M. Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a
Black State. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
[136] Baines T.
Explorations in South–West Africa. Farnsborough: Gregg International Publications,
1968 (repr. of: "London, 1864"). P. 334–335.
[141] Arbousset T.
Relation d’un voyage d’exploration au Nord–Est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne Esperance.
Paris: Bertrand, 1842. P. 481–482.
[148] Prinsloo J., Gauche
J. In die woeste Weste: Die Lydensgeskriedenis van
die Dorslandtrekkers. Pretoria: J.H. de Bussy, 1933. P. 29–30.
[149] Wilmsen E.N.
Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago and London:
The University of Chicago Press, 1989. P. 123, см. также P. 122.
[156] Gordon R.J.
The !Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: Ethnological Perspective // Past
and Present in Hunter–Gatherer Studies / Ed. Schrire C. Orlando,
FL: Academic Press, 1984. P. 116–117.
[157] Cравн.,
например: Shostak M. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Cambridge
(Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1981. P. 87; Kanjii K. Interface
Between Hereros and San of Hamibia: The Ignored Reality /http: www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/ovakuru.htm#juhoan,
2000.
[168] Brooks A.S.
San Land–Use Patterns, Past and Present: Implications
for Southern African Prehistory // Frontiers: South African Archaeology
Today / Eds. M.J Hall, G Avery, D.M. Avery,
M.L. Wilson, A. Humphreys / BAR. 1984.Vol.
207. P. 49–50; Yellen J.E., Lee R.B. The Dobe – /Du /da Environment…
P. 45–54.
[171] См.: Brownlee
F. The Social Organization of the !Kung (!Un) Bushmen of the North–Western
Kalahari // Africa. 1943. Vol. 14. P. 124–129.
[172] Балезин А.С., Притворов А.В., Слипченко
С.А. История Намибии в новое и новейшее время. М.: Восточная
литература, 1993.
[177] Bixler D., Biesele M.,
Hitchcock R. C. Land Rights, Local Institutions and Grassroot Development Among the
Ju/’Hoansi of Northeastern Namibia // International Work Group for Indigenous
Affairs. 1993. Newsletter 2 P. 24.
[180] Lancaster N.
The Pans of the Southern Kalahari // Geographical Journal. 1978. Vol.
144 P. 81–98; Mabbut J.A. The Desert Physiographic Setting and It’s
Ecological Significance // Arid Australia / Eds. H.G. Cogger,
E.E. Cameron. Sydney: Australian Museum, 1984. P. 87; Owens
M., Owens D. (1985). Cry of the Kalahari. 24–25, 321.
[181] Mabbut J.A.
Ibid.; Owens M., Owens D. Ibid.; Соколов В.Е., Гунин П.Д. Пустыни Заалтайской Гоби
// Биологические ресурсы и природные условия
МНР. М.: Наука,1986. Т. 27. C. 43.
[199] Sealy J.,
Yates R. The Chronology of the Introduction of
Pastoralism to the Cape, South Africa // Antiquity. 1994. Vol. 68.
P. 65.
[201] Barnard A.
Hunters and Herders… P. 158.
[202] Cм.:
Campbell A.C. Notes on the Prehistoric Background to 1840 // Settlement
in Botswana. Proceeding of the Symposium on Settlement in Botswana / Eds.
R.R. Hitchcock, M.R. Smith. Marshalltown: Heinemann Educational
Books, 1982. P. 15.
[203] Barnard A.
Kinship, Language and Production: A Conjectural History of Khoisan Social Structure // Africa.
1988. Vol. 58. P. 36–44.
[204] Kent S., Vierich
H. The Myth of Ecological Determinism – Anticipated
Mobility and Site Spatial Organization // Farmers as Hunters –
the Implication of Sedentism / Ed. S. Kent. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989. P. 96–130.
[205] Steyn H.P.
Southern Kalahari San Subsistence Ecology: a Reconstruction // The South
African Archaeological Bulletin. 1988. Vol. 39. P. 117–124; Leser H.
Landschaftokologische Studien im Kalahari Sandgebiet um Auob und Nossob. (Erdwissenschaftliche
Forschung. Akademie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur). Wiesbaden, 1971. Bd 3;
Guenther M. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana… P. 103.
[207] Kent S., Vierich
H. The Myth of Ecological Determinism – Anticipated
Mobility and Site Spatial Organization // Farmers as Hunters –
the Implication of Sedentism / Ed. S. Kent. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989. P. 6–130.
[209] Казанков А.А. Особенности адаптаций
охотников-собирателей в полупустынных зонах: эгалитаризм как эволюционная перспектива
// Альтернативные пути к цивилизации (отв.
ред. Н.Н. Крадин, А.В. Коротаев, Д.М. Бондаренко, В.А. Лынша). М.:
Логос, 2000. C. 207-218; Kazankov A.A.
Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Semi-Desert Areas // Alternatives of
Social Evolution / Eds. N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, D.M. Bondarenko,
V. De Munck, P.K. Wason. Vladivostok: Far-Eastern Branch of
the Russian Academy of Science, 2000. P. 117-122.[209]
[213] Harpending H.,
Jenkins T. Genetic Distance among Southern African
Populations // Models and Theories of Anthropological Genetics / Eds.
M.H. Crawford, P.L. Workman. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico
Press, P. 171–172; Jenkins T., Zoutendyk A., Steinberg A.G. Gamma–globulin
Groups (Gm and Inv) of Various Southern African Populations // American
Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1970. Vol. 32.
P. 187–218.
[214] Кучера С. Древнейшая и древняя
история Китая. М.: Восточная литература, 1996. C. 109–110
и личное сообщение автора; Lahr M.M. The Evolution
of Modern Human Diversity: A Study in Cranial Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996; Alekseev V. The Physical Specificities of
Paleolithic Hominids in Siberia // The Paleolithic of Siberia: New
Discoveries and Interpretations / Ed. A.P. Derev’anko. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1998. P. 329–330; Brown S.J. Neanderthals
and Modern Humans in Central Asia. http://www.neanderthal-modern.com.casiasib.htm.
[216]
Мочанов Ю.А. Древнейшие этапы заселения
человеком Северо-Восточной Азии. Новосибирск: Наука, 1977;
Мочанов Ю.А.
Начальный этап в изучении палеолита Северо-Восточной Азии // Археологические
исследования в Якутии / Отв. ред. Ю.А. Мочанов.
Новосибирск: Наука, 1992. С. 5–8; см.
также: Fagan B.M. The Great Journey: The Peopling
of Ancient America. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
[217] Kuzmin Y.V.,
Tankersley K.B. The Colonization of Eastern Siberia:
An Evaluation of the Palaeolithic Age Radiocarbon Dates // Journal of
Archaeological Science. 1996. Vol. 23. P. 577–585; Kuzmin Y.V., Orlova L.A.
Radiocarbon Chronology of the Siberian Paleolithic // Journal of
World Prehistory. 1998. Vol. 12. P. 1.
[218] Kozlowski J.K.
The Problem of the So-Called Ordos Culture in the
Light of the Palaeolithic Finds from Northern China and Southern Mongolia // Folia
Quaternaria. 1971. Vol. 39. P. 63–99; Madsen D., Elston R, Bettinger R.,
Xu C., Zhong K. Settlement Patterns Reflected in Assemblages from the
Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in North Central China // Journal of
Archaeological Science. 1996. Vol. 23. P 224; Bettinger R., Madsen D.,
Elston R. Prehistoric Settlement Categories and Settlement Systems in the
Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia, PRC // Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology. 1994. Vol. 13. P. 95; Gai P. Microlithic Industries
in China // Paleoanthropology and Palaeolithic Archaeology in the People’s
Republic of China / Eds. R. Wu, J.W. Olsen. New York,
NY: Academic Press, 1985. P. 231–232; Wang Y., Olsen J.W. Aspects
of the Inner Mongolian Palaeolithic // Paleoanthropology and Palaeolithic
Archaeology in the People’s Republic of China. P. 243–265; Olsen J.W.
Recent Developments in the Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of China // The
Pleistocene Old World / Ed. O. Soffer. New York, NY: Plenum
Press, 1987. P. 135–146; Matsufuji K. Appearance of Early
Blade Technoque in Northeast Asia // Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 2000.
Supplement to Vol. 19. P. 154–157; Chen C., Wang X.Q. Upper
Palaeolithic Microblade Industries in North China and Their Relationships with
Northeastern Asia and North America // Arctic Anthropology. 1989. Vol.
26 P. 127–156; Yamanaka I. The Lithic Industry of the Site of
Shuidonggou in the Ordos of China // Kyoyo Faculty of Letters Research
Bulletin. 1993. Vol. 32. P. 105–154.
[220] Deacon J., Lancaster
N., Scott D. Evidence for Late Quaternary Climatic
Change in Southern Africa // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern
Hemisphere / Ed. J.C. Vogel. Rotterdam – Boston: Balkema,
1984 P. 391–404; Lancaster N. Aridity in Southern Africa: Age, Origins
and Expression in Landform and Sediments // Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates…
P. 433–444; Scott L. Climatic Conditions in Southern Africa Since
the Last Glacial Maximum, Referred from Pollen Analysis // Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecology. 1989. Vol. 70. P. 345–353; Mitchell P.J.
Human Adaptations in South Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum // Prehistoric
Cultures and Environments in the Late Quaternary of Africa / Eds.
J. Bower, D. Lubell. (BAR. 1988. Vol. 405.) P. 163–164; Inskeep
R.R. Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa // BAR. 1987. Vol.
351.
[221] COHMAP (Cooperating
Holocene Mapping Project) Members. Climatic Changes of the Last 18,000 Years: Observations and Model Simulations // Science.
1988. Vol. 241. P. 1043–1052; Kutzbach J.E. The Nature of Climate
and Climatic Variations // Quaternary Research. 1979. Vol. 6. P. 471–480;
Kutzbach J.E., Street-Perrot F.A. Milankovitch Forcing of Fluctuations
in the Levels of Tropical Lakes from 18 to 0 kyr. B.P. // Nature. 1985.
Vol. 317. P. 130–134.
[222] Sarnthein M.
Sand Deserts During Glacial Maximum and Climatic Optimum // Nature.
1978. Vol. 272. P. 43–46; Bowler J.M, G.S.Hope, J.N. Jennings, G.Singh.,
Walker D. Late Quaternary Climates of Australia and New Guinea // Quaternary
Research. 1976. Vol. 3. P. 359–394; Kutzbach J.E., Guetter P.J.
The Influence of Changing Orbital Parameters and Surface Boundary Conditions on
the Simulated Climate of the Past 18,000 Years // Journal of Atmospheric
Sciences. 1986. Vol. 43. P. 1726–1759; Benson L., Burdett J.,
Lund S., Kashgarian M., Mensing S. Nearly Synchronous Climate
Change in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Termination // Nature.
1997. Vol. 388. P. 263–265.
[223]
Бабаев А.Г., Дроздов Н.Н., Зонн И.С.,
Фрейкин З.Г.
Пустыни. М.: Мысль, 1986. C. 10–17, 82, 93; Алексеев В.П. Гипотеза о центральноазиатском
центре происхождения человека // Палеолит и неолит Монгольского Алтая / Oтв. ред. В.П Алексеев. Новосибирск: Наука,
1990. C. 7, 24; Соколов В.Е., Лобачев В.С., Орлов В.Н.
Млекопитающие Монголии. Тушканчики. М.: Наука, 1996.
C. 44.
[224] Madsen D., Elston
R, Bettinger R., Xu C., Zhong K. Settlement Patterns Reflected in Assemblages from the Pleistocene/Holocene
Transition in North Central China // Journal of Archaeological Science.
1996. Vol. 23. P. 217–219.
[225] Деревянко А.П., Маркин С.В.,
Васильев С.А. Палеолитоведение: введение и основы. Новосибирск: Наука, 1994; Sarnthein M. Sand Deserts
During Glacial Maximum… P 45; Winkler M.G., Wang P.K. The Late
Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of China // Global Climates Since
the Last Glacial Maximum / Eds. H.E Wright, Jr., J.E. Kutzbach,
T. Webb, III et al. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press,
1993. P. 221–261; Yu G., Chen J., Ni J. et al.
Palaeovegetation of China: A Pollen Data-Based Synthesis for the Mid-Holocene
and Last Glacial Maximum // Materials for Journal of Biogeography, Biome
6000 Special Issue. 1 March, 2000; Fang J.-Q. Lake Evolution During
the Past 30,000 Years in China, and Its Implications for the Environmental Change // Quaternary
Research. 1991. Vol. 36. P. 37–91.
[226] Yu G., Xue B.,
Wang S., Liu J. Lake Records and LGM Climate in China // Chinese Science
Bulletin. 2000. Vol. 45. P 1158–1164; Zhou W. et al.
Variability of Monsoon Climate in East China at the End of Last Glaciation
// Quaternary Research. 1996. Vol. 46. P. 219–229.
[227]
Cм. : Bettinger R., Madsen D., Elston R. Prehistoric Settlement Categories and Settlement Systems in the Alashan
Desert… 74–99; Madsen D., Elston R, Bettinger R., Xu C., Zhong K. Settlement
Patterns Reflected in Assemblages from the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in
North Central China // Journal of Archaeological Science. 1996. Vol.
23. P. 217–229; Nelson N.C. The Dune Dwellers of the Gobi // Natural
History. 1926. Vol. 26. № 3; Idem. Notes on the Archaeology of the
Gobi // American Anthropologist. 1926. Vol. 26. № 1; Idem. Archaeological
Research in North China // American Anthropologist. 1927. Vol. 29. №
2.
[228] Harris J.S.
The White Knives Shoshoni of Nevada // Acculturation in Seven American
Indian Tribes / Ed. R. Linton. Glouchester (Mass.), 1963.
P. 44; Janetski J. C. Ethnohistory and Ethnography of the Elko and
Ely Districts // Prehistory, Ethnohistory and History of Eastern Nevada:
Cultural Resources Summary of the Elko and Ely Districts / Ed. S.R James.
Bureau of Land Management, Nevada. Cultural Resource Series 3, Washington, 1981.
P. 124; Simms S.R. Great Basin Environments, Present and Past // BAR.
1987. Vol. 381.P. 125.
[229] О нумикской экспансии см.,
например: Cressman L.S. Prehistory of the Far West.
Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1977. P. 98–99; Janetski J.
C. Ethnohistory and Ethnography of the Elko… P 151–155; Madsen D.B.,
Rhode D. (Eds.). Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa.
Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994.
[231]
MacIntosh N.W.G., Larnach S.L.
The Persistence of Homo Erectus Traits in Australian Crania // Archaeology
and Physical Anthropology in Oceania. 1972. Vol.
7. P. 1–7; Рогинский Я.Я.
Проблемы антропогенеза. М.: Высшая школа, 1977. C. 154;
Flood J. Archaeology of the Dreamtime: The Story of Prehistoric Australia
and Her People. Sydney – London: Collins (repr.), 1987.
[234] Cм., например: Service E.R. War and
Our Contemporary Ancestors // War: Anthropology of Armed Conflict and
Aggression / Eds. M.H. Fried, M. Harris, R. Murphy.
New York: Natural History Press, 1968. P. 160–161; Dennen J. M. G.
van der. The Origin of War: the Evolution of a Male Coalitional Reproductive
Strategy. Groningen: Origin Press. 2 vols, 1995. P. 621, 627, 630, 636.
[238] Davies J.N.P.
Sex Hormone Upset in Africans // British Medical Journal. 1949. Vol.
2. P. 676–679; Tobias P.V. The Peoples of Africa South
of the Sahara // The Biology of Human Adaptability / Ed. P.T. Baker.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. P. 128–129.
[239] Tobias P.V.
Bushmen of the Kalahari // Man. 1957. Vol. 36. P. 33–40; Winkler
E.M.,Kirchengast.S. Metric Characters of the Hard Palate and Their
Cephalometric Correlations in Namibian !Kung and Kenyan Tribes // Human Biology.
1989. Vol. 65. P. 139–150; Winkler E.M., Christiansen K. Anthropometric-hormonal
correlation patterns in San and Kavango males from Namibia // Annals
of Human Biology. 1991. Vol. 18. P. 341–355; Christiansen K Serum
and Saliva Sex Hormone Levels in !Kung San Men of Namibia // American
Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1991. Vol. 86. P. 37–44; Christiansen K.,
Winkler E.M. Hormonal, Anthropometrical, and Behavioral Correlations
of Physical Aggression in !Kung San Men of Namibia // Aggressive Behavior.
1992. Vol. 18. P. 271–280; Christiansen K. The Role of Sex Hormone
in Human Aggression // International Behavioral Development Symposium.
Minot/USA, 1995.
[244] Gibbs W.J.
Meteorology and Climatology // Arid Lands of Australia / Eds.
R.O. Slayter, R.A. Perry. Canberra: Australian National University,
1969. P. 48; Murrell B. Hydrological Regimes in the Australian
Arid Zone with Notes on the Current Changes in the Hydrological Regime in the
Willouran Ranges, South Australia // Arid Australia / Eds.
H.G Cogger., E.E. Cameron. Sydney: Australian Museum, 1984. P. 327.
[245] Gould R.A.
Comparative Ecology of Food–sharing in Australia and Northwest California // Omnivorous
Primates / Eds. R.S.O. Harding , G. Teleki. New
York: Columbia University Press, 1981. P. 430.
[255] Porteus S.D.
The Psychology of the Primitive People. New York: Longmans and Green, 1931. P. 159;
Yengoyan A.A. (1970). Demographic Factors in Pitjandjara Social Organization // Australian
Aboriginal Anthropology / Eds. R.M Berndt., C.H.Berndt.
Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, P. 82–85; Gould R.A.
Yiwara… 58–61; Layton R. Uluru… P. 17.
[257] Gould R.A.
Puntutjarpa Rock Shelter in the Australian Desert Culture // The American
Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers. New York, 1977. Vol. 54. Pt
1. P. 21–22, 172–176; Layton R. Uluru… P. 17; O’Connell J.F.,
Allen J. Human Reactions to the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition in Greater
Australia: A Summary // Transactions: Pleistocene to Holocene in Australia
and Papua New Guinea / Ed. J. Allen., J.F. O’Connell.
Antiquity. 1995. Vol. 62. Special Number 265. P. 856.