Карл Баус
Baus, Karl. From the Apostolic Community to Constantine // History of the Church. Ed.H.Jedin, J.Dolan. Vol. I.
ОписьА, №40701.
См. библиографию.
HISTORY OF THE CHURCH
Edited by HUBERT JEDIN and
JOHN DOLAN Volume I
FROM THE APOSTOLIC COMMUNITY TO CONSTANTINE
by
KARL BAUS
With a
General Introduction to Church History
by
HUBERT JEDIN
CROSSROAD • NEW YORK
The Crossroad Publishing Company 575 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022
Translated from the Handbuch der Kirchengeschicbte, edited by Hubert Jedin Vol. I: Von der ?Jrgemeinde z«r frichristlichen Grosikirche, 3rd ed. ® Verlag Herder KG Freiburg im Breisgau 1962
English translation © 1965 Herder KG
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of The Crossroad Publishing Company.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte. English. History of the church.
Translation of: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Vols. previously issued under title: Handbook of church history. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1, From the apostolic community to Constantine / by Karl Baus — — v. 3- The church in the age of feudalism / by Friedrich Kempf . [et al.] — v. 4. From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation / by Hans-George Bedc . . [et aL] 1. Church history—Collected works. I. Jedin, Hubert, 1900- . U. Dolan, John Patrick. III. Title. BR145.2.H3613 1982 270 82-5037 ISBN 0-8245-0314-7 AACR2
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Preface to the English Edition xi
List of Abbreviations xiii-xxiii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CHURCH HISTORY 1
I. The Subject Matter, Methods, Ancillary Sciences, and Divisions of Church
History, and its Relevance for Today 1
II. The Writing and Study of Church History 11
The Writing of Church History: Its Beginning in Antiquity 11
The Writing of History in the Middle Ages:
Christian History, not Church History 15
The Flowering of Church History from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century 23
Church History as a Theological Discipline 32
Church History as an Historical and Theological Science in the Nineteenth
and Twentieth Centuries 35
Church History in England and America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 47
PART ONE: THE BEGINNINGS
SECTION ONE: JEWISH CHRISTIANITY 59
Chapter 1: Judaism in the Time of Jesus 59
The Religious Situation among Palestinian Jewry 60
The Qumran Community 63
The Jewish Diaspora 66
Chapter 2: Jesus of Nazareth and the Church 70
Chapter 3: The Primitive Church at Jerusalem 74
The External Events and Early Environment 74
Organization, Belief, and Piety 77
SECTION TWO: THE WAY INTO THE PAGAN WORLD 86
Chapter 4: The Religious Situation in the Graeco-Roman World at the Time of its Encounter with Christianity 86
Decline of the Ancient Greek and Roman Religions 86
The Emperor Cult 88
The Eastern Mystery Cults 90 '
Popular Religion 94
Chapter 5: The Apostle Paul and the Structure of the Pauline Congregations . . 98
The Religious History of the Apostle Paul 99
The Mission of Paul 100
Organization of the Pauline Congregations 105
Religious Life in the Pauline Congregations 108
Chapter 6: Peter's Missionary Activity and his Sojourn and Death in Rome . . Ill
Extra-Pauline Gentile Christianity Ill
Sojourn and Death of the Apostle Peter at Rome 112
The Tomb of Peter 115
Chapter 7: The Christianity of the Johannine Writings 119
SECTION THREE: THE POST-APOSTOLIC AGE 124
Chapter 8: The Conflict between Christianity and the Roman State Power . . 125
The Beginnings of the Conflict 125
The Persecutions under Nero and Domitian 128
The Court Trials of Christians under Trajan and Hadrian 132
Chapter 9: The Religious World of the Post-Apostolic Age as Mirrored in its Writings 137
Chapter 10: The Development of the Church's Organization 146 ir
Chapter 11: Heterodox Jewish-Christian Currents 153
SECTION FOUR: THE CHURCH IN THE SECOND CENTURY 159
Chapter 12: The Position of the Church under the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and
Commodus. Martyrdom of the Congregations of Lyons and Vienne .... 159;
Chapter 13: Literary Polemic against Christianity 164 I
Celsus ....... 167
Chapter 14: The Early Christian Apologists of the Second Century .... 171
Chapter 15: The Dispute with Gnosticism 181
Basic Ideas of Gnosticism 183 1
The Principal Manifestations of Gnosticism 187
Marcion 190
The Church's Self-Defence and the Importance of the Christian Victory . . 192
Chapter 16: The Rise of Montanism and the Church's Defence against it . 199
Chapter 17: The Expansion of Christianity down to the End of the Second Century .205
PART TWO: THE GREAT CHURCH OF EARLY CHRISTIAN TIMES
(c. A.D. 180-324)
Introduction 215
SECTION ONE: THE INNER CONSOLIDATION OF THE CHURCH IN THE THIRD CENTURY 217
Chapter 18: The Attack of the Pagan State on the Church 217
The Persecutions under Septimius Severus 217
The Persecution under Decius 222
Valerian and Gallienus 226
Chapter 19: Further Development of Christian Literature in the East in the Third
Century
The Beginnings of the Theological School of Alexandria 229
Christian Schools in the East 230
Clement of Alexandria 231
Origen 234
Dionysius of Alexandria; Methodius; Lucian of Antioch and his School . . . 240
Chapter 20: The Development of Christian Literature in the West in the Third Century 243
The Rise of Early Christian Latin and the Beginning of a Christian Literature in
Latin. Minucius Felix 243
Hippolytus 244
Novatian 247
Tertullian 248
Cyprian 252
Chapter 21: The First Christological and Trinitarian Controversies .... 254
Modalist Monarchianism 256
Chapter 23: Further Development of the Liturgy 268
Easter and the Easter Controversy 268
Catechumenate and Baptism 275
The Celebration of the Eucharist 281
The Beginnings of Christian Art 235
Chapter 24: Spiritual Life and Morality in the Communities of the Third Century 288
Baptismal Sprituality 288
Devotion to Martyrdom 292
The Asceticism of the Third Century 295
Prayer and Fasting in Early Christian Spirituality 299
Early Christian Morals 306
Marriage and the Family 307
Early Christian Works of Mercy 308
The Attitude of Early Christianity to Secular Civilization and Culture . . . 313
The Early Christian Church and the Pagan State 316
Penance in the Shepherd of Hermas 321
Tertullian's Two Views of Penance 324
Penitential Discipline in North Africa in Cyprian's Time 330
The Roman Controversy on Penance and the Schism of Novatian .... 334
Doctrine and Practice of Penance in the East in the Third Century .... 338
Disputes Concerning Penance after the Persecution of Diocletian .... 344
Chapter 26: The Development of the Church's Constitution in the Third Century 346
The Clergy 346
The Bishop and his Church 352
Forms of Organization Larger than the Local Community 353
The Pre-eminent Position of Rome and its Bishop 355
The Controversy about Heretical Baptism 360
Devotion to the Church in the Third Century 365
Chapter 27: The Extent of Christianity prior to the Diocletian Persecution . . 367
The East 369
The West 379
SECTION TWO: THE LAST ATTACK OF PAGANISM AND THE FINAL VICTORY OF THE CHURCH 389
Chapter 28: The Intellectual Struggle against Christianity at the End of the Third
Century 389
Chapter 29: Outbreak and Course of the Diocletian Persecution down to Galerius'
Edict of Toleration 311 396
Chapter 30: The Definitive Turning-Point under Constantine the Great . . . 4C5
Reverse under Maximinus Daia 405
Constantine's "Conversion" to Christianity 407
From the Convention of Milan, 313, to the Beginning of Sole Rule, 324 . . . 416
Chapter 31: The Causes of the Victory of the Christian Religion. The Scope and Import of the "Constantinian Turning-Point" 426
BIBLIOGRAPHY 433
Bibliography to the General Introduction 435
General Bibliography to Volumes I and II 447
Bibliography to Individual Chapters 459
GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUME I 507
